机器学习（ML）涵盖的实验必须考虑评估模型性能的两个重要方面：数据集和算法。需要强大的基准来评估最佳分类器。为此，可以采用公共存储库中提供的金标准基准。但是，常常不考虑在评估时考虑数据集的复杂性。这项工作提出了一种基于物品响应理论（IRT）和GLICKO-2的组合的新评估方法，该方法通常采用了评估参与者的强度（例如，国际象棋）。对于基准测试中的每个数据集，IRT用于估计分类器的能力，良好的分类器对最困难的测试实例具有良好的预测。然后为每对分类器运行锦标赛，以便GLICKO-2更新每个分类器等额定值，评级偏差和波动等性能信息。在此进行了一个案例研究，该研究通过了OpenML-CC18基准作为数据集的集合和各种分类算法的池进行评估。并非所有数据集都被观察到对评估算法非常有用，其中只有10％被认为是非常困难的。此外，验证了仅包含50％的OpenML-CC18的50％的子集的存在，其同样有用于算法评估。关于算法，本文提出的方法将随机林识别为具有最佳天生能力的算法。

The study aims the development of a wearable device to combat the onslaught of covid-19. Likewise, to enhance the regular face shield available in the market. Furthermore, to raise awareness of the health and safety protocols initiated by the government and its affiliates in the enforcement of social distancing with the integration of computer vision algorithms. The wearable device was composed of various hardware and software components such as a transparent polycarbonate face shield, microprocessor, sensors, camera, thin-film transistor on-screen display, jumper wires, power bank, and python programming language. The algorithm incorporated in the study was object detection under computer vision machine learning. The front camera with OpenCV technology determines the distance of a person in front of the user. Utilizing TensorFlow, the target object identifies and detects the image or live feed to get its bounding boxes. The focal length lens requires the determination of the distance from the camera to the target object. To get the focal length, multiply the pixel width by the known distance and divide it by the known width (Rosebrock, 2020). The deployment of unit testing ensures that the parameters are valid in terms of design and specifications.

在植物繁殖中，环境（GXE）相互作用的基因型存在对耕作决策和引入新作物品种的影响很大。线性和双线性项的组合已被证明在建模这种类型的数据方面非常有用。识别GXE的一种广泛使用的方法是加性主要效应和乘法交互作用（AMMI）模型。但是，由于数据经常可能是高维的，马尔可夫链蒙特卡洛（MCMC）方法在计算上可能是不可行的。在本文中，我们考虑了这种模型的变异推理方法。我们得出用于估计参数的变异近似值，并使用模拟和真实数据将近似值与MCMC进行比较。我们提出的新推论框架平均要快两倍，同时保持与MCMC相同的预测性能。

本文通过研究阶段转换的$ Q $State Potts模型，通过许多无监督的机器学习技术，即主成分分析（PCA），$ K $ - 梅尔集群，统一歧管近似和投影（UMAP），和拓扑数据分析（TDA）。即使在所有情况下，我们都能够检索正确的临界温度$ t_c（q）$，以$ q = 3,4 $和5 $，结果表明，作为UMAP和TDA的非线性方法依赖于有限尺寸效果，同时仍然能够区分第一和二阶相转换。该研究可以被认为是在研究相转变的调查中使用不同无监督的机器学习算法的基准。

生物数据和知识库越来越依赖语义Web技术以及使用知识图表进行数据集成，检索和联合查询。我们提出了一种用于自动学习生物测定的解决方案。我们的解决方案使自动化学的问题与分类与聚类并置，其中两种方法在方法复杂度频谱的相对端。在特征上建模我们的问题，我们发现聚类解决方案显着优于最先进的神经网络的最先进的分类方法。这种新颖的贡献基于两个因素：1）在数据优于具有复杂语义建模的替代方法之后密切建模的学习目标;2）自动学习生物测定达到近83％的高性能F1，这对我们的知识是首次报告的任务标准化评估提供了强大的基准模型。

由能够连接和交换消息的越来越多的移动设备而激励，我们提出了一种旨在模拟和分析网络中节点移动性的方法。我们注意到文献中的许多现有解决方案依赖于直接在节点联系人图表上计算的拓扑测量，旨在捕获节点在有利于原型设计，设计和部署移动网络的连接和移动模式方面的重要性。但是，每个措施都具有其特异性，并且无法概括最终随时间变化的节点重要性概念。与以前的方法不同，我们的方法基于节点嵌入方法，该方法模型和推出在保留其空间和时间特征的同时在移动性和连接模式中对节点的重要性。我们专注于基于一丝小组会议的案例研究。结果表明，我们的方法提供了提取不同移动性和连接模式的丰富表示，这可能有助于移动网络中的各种应用和服务。

There are multiple scales of abstraction from which we can describe the same image, depending on whether we are focusing on fine-grained details or a more global attribute of the image. In brain mapping, learning to automatically parse images to build representations of both small-scale features (e.g., the presence of cells or blood vessels) and global properties of an image (e.g., which brain region the image comes from) is a crucial and open challenge. However, most existing datasets and benchmarks for neuroanatomy consider only a single downstream task at a time. To bridge this gap, we introduce a new dataset, annotations, and multiple downstream tasks that provide diverse ways to readout information about brain structure and architecture from the same image. Our multi-task neuroimaging benchmark (MTNeuro) is built on volumetric, micrometer-resolution X-ray microtomography images spanning a large thalamocortical section of mouse brain, encompassing multiple cortical and subcortical regions. We generated a number of different prediction challenges and evaluated several supervised and self-supervised models for brain-region prediction and pixel-level semantic segmentation of microstructures. Our experiments not only highlight the rich heterogeneity of this dataset, but also provide insights into how self-supervised approaches can be used to learn representations that capture multiple attributes of a single image and perform well on a variety of downstream tasks. Datasets, code, and pre-trained baseline models are provided at: https://mtneuro.github.io/ .

The previous fine-grained datasets mainly focus on classification and are often captured in a controlled setup, with the camera focusing on the objects. We introduce the first Fine-Grained Vehicle Detection (FGVD) dataset in the wild, captured from a moving camera mounted on a car. It contains 5502 scene images with 210 unique fine-grained labels of multiple vehicle types organized in a three-level hierarchy. While previous classification datasets also include makes for different kinds of cars, the FGVD dataset introduces new class labels for categorizing two-wheelers, autorickshaws, and trucks. The FGVD dataset is challenging as it has vehicles in complex traffic scenarios with intra-class and inter-class variations in types, scale, pose, occlusion, and lighting conditions. The current object detectors like yolov5 and faster RCNN perform poorly on our dataset due to a lack of hierarchical modeling. Along with providing baseline results for existing object detectors on FGVD Dataset, we also present the results of a combination of an existing detector and the recent Hierarchical Residual Network (HRN) classifier for the FGVD task. Finally, we show that FGVD vehicle images are the most challenging to classify among the fine-grained datasets.

Rigorous guarantees about the performance of predictive algorithms are necessary in order to ensure their responsible use. Previous work has largely focused on bounding the expected loss of a predictor, but this is not sufficient in many risk-sensitive applications where the distribution of errors is important. In this work, we propose a flexible framework to produce a family of bounds on quantiles of the loss distribution incurred by a predictor. Our method takes advantage of the order statistics of the observed loss values rather than relying on the sample mean alone. We show that a quantile is an informative way of quantifying predictive performance, and that our framework applies to a variety of quantile-based metrics, each targeting important subsets of the data distribution. We analyze the theoretical properties of our proposed method and demonstrate its ability to rigorously control loss quantiles on several real-world datasets.

Traditionally, data analysis and theory have been viewed as separate disciplines, each feeding into fundamentally different types of models. Modern deep learning technology is beginning to unify these two disciplines and will produce a new class of predictively powerful space weather models that combine the physical insights gained by data and theory. We call on NASA to invest in the research and infrastructure necessary for the heliophysics' community to take advantage of these advances.